알고리즘/백준
[BFS] 백준 9328번 열쇠 - JAVA
SHIN SANHA
2024. 1. 15. 01:07
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무려 4트만에 풀린 문제 ㅠㅠ
항상 밑그림이 끝나면 바로 코드를 짜는 버릇이 있는데,
예외 케이스를 최대한 많이 찾은 후 코드 설계를 해야한다는 게 너무 어렵다 ㅠ
1. 설계
https://www.acmicpc.net/problem/9328
9328번: 열쇠
상근이는 1층 빌딩에 침입해 매우 중요한 문서를 훔쳐오려고 한다. 상근이가 가지고 있는 평면도에는 문서의 위치가 모두 나타나 있다. 빌딩의 문은 모두 잠겨있기 때문에, 문을 열려면 열쇠가
www.acmicpc.net
- 문서를 최대한 많이 찾으면 되는 문제
- 테스트케이스, 지도의 크기, 지도(빈공간, 문, 열쇠, 문서 위치), 내가 가진 열쇠들이 주어짐
- 상근이는 지도 밖에 있다가 지도 테두리에 들어올 수 있는 공간이 있으면 그 쪽으로 지도에 들어올 수 있다.
2. 설계
1. 상근이가 입장할 수 있는 테두리를 저장한다.
주의할 점은 '.' 이 빈공간 뿐만아니라 '$' (문서위치), 'a~z'(열쇠위치), 'A~Z'(문 위치) 4가지를 고려해줘야한다.
나는 빈공간만 고려해줘서 오답이 나왔었다 ㅠㅠ
- '.'(빈공간), '$'(문서위치), 'a~z'(열쇠위치) 3가지는 enter ArrayList에 바로 넣어줄 것이다.
- 이 때 'a~z'(열쇠위치)는 key HashMap에 저장한다.
- 'A~Z'(문 위치)가 테두리에 있는 경우는 door ArrayList에 저장만 해줄 것이다. 상근이가 가진 모든 키를 입력받고, 입구로 삼을 수 있는지 확인할 것이기 때문이다.
그렇다면 왜 key를 저장하는 것은 HashMap이고, door을 저장하는 것은 ArrayList이냐?
door도 바로 찾아주기 위해 HashMap하면 안되는 것이냐?
나는 HashMap<Character, Loc>을 써서 틀렸다. 왜냐하면 문 이름이 'A'인 것이 반드시 1개만 나오는 것이 아니다. 1개 이상 나온다. 때문에 HashMap을 쓰면 여러 위치의 'A'문을 넣을 수 없는 것이다. 그래서 ArrayList를 써준다.
for(int r=0;r<h;r++){
String line = br.readLine();
map[r] = line.toCharArray();
for(int c=0;c<w;c++){
//1. 외벽&열쇠&문서 입구 저장, 문이 나왔을 땐 door에 저장
if(((r==0 || r==h-1) || ((c==0 || c==w-1))) && map[r][c]=='.') enter.add(new Loc(r,c,map[r][c]));
else if(((r==0 || r==h-1) || ((c==0 || c==w-1))) && map[r][c]>='a' && map[r][c]<='z'){
enter.add(new Loc(r,c,map[r][c]));
key.put(map[r][c],1);
}
else if(((r==0 || r==h-1) || ((c==0 || c==w-1))) && map[r][c]=='$'){
enter.add(new Loc(r,c,map[r][c]));
}
else if(((r==0 || r==h-1) || ((c==0 || c==w-1))) && map[r][c]>='A' && map[r][c]<='Z'){
door.add(new Loc(r,c,map[r][c]));
}
}
}
2. 상근이가 가진 모든 키를 받아준 후 enter(입구)로 쓸 수 있는 door(문)이 있는지 확인한다.
상근이가 가진 키들을 모두(외벽에서 얻을 수 있는 키+가진키) 받아준 후에 외벽에서 입구로 쓸 수 있는 문이 있는지 체크한다.
String keys = br.readLine();
if(!keys.equals("0")){
for(int k=0;k<keys.length();k++){
key.put(keys.charAt(k),1);
}
}
//door에 뭐가 있고, 그에 맞는 열쇠가 있다면 enter에 넣기
for(int i=0;i<door.size();i++){
Loc loc = door.get(i);
if(key.get((char)(loc.word+32))!=null) enter.add(new Loc(loc.r,loc.c,map[loc.r][loc.c]));
}
3. 외벽에서 찾은 enter(입구)가 없다면 0을 저장하고, 아니면 BFS를 돈다.
이 때 BFS는 입구 수만큼 돌 것이다. 이 때 visited 처리가 안된 곳만을 대상으로 해야한다. 입구에서 처리안해줬다가 큐에 무조건적으로 스타트 값이 들어가서 2x2 map에 모두 $로 채워져있을 때 count가 여러번 체크되어서 11이 답으로 도출되었다. 정답은 4인데... 때문에 꼭 방문 안한 곳 대상으로 BFS를 돌려줘야 한다!
BFS를 통해 방문할 수 있었지만 열쇠가 없어서 들어갈 수 없었던 곳을 door에 넣어줄 것이기 때문에 입구에 들어갈 때마다 visited를 초기화할 필요 없이 가보지 못한 곳만 가면 된다. 후에 열쇠를 찾으면 열 수 있는 door(문)들을 BFS의 큐에 넣어줌으로써 그 주변을 탐색할 수 있게 할 것이다.
if(enter.size()==0) sb.append("0").append("\n");
else{
//4. 입구 수만큼 BFS(visited 체크) 돌려주기
visited = new boolean[h][w];
for(int in=0;in<enter.size();in++){
Loc loc = enter.get(in);
if(visited[loc.r][loc.c]) continue;
BFS(loc);
}//in
sb.append(count).append("\n");
}
4. BFS - 문서를 얻게되면 count를 올려준다.
시작하는 입구를 큐에 저장 및 visited 처리해주고, 큐가 아무것도 없을 때까지 돌려준다.
이 때 큐에서 나오면 현재 위치로 이동을 확실히 하겠다는 의미고, 이 때 문서가 있다면 count를 올려주면 된다.
public static void BFS(Loc start){
Queue<Loc> q = new LinkedList<>();
q.offer(start);
visited[start.r][start.c] = true;
while(!q.isEmpty()){
Loc cur = q.poll();
if(map[cur.r][cur.c]=='$'){//문서 발견
count++;
}
}
}
5. 4방을 돌면서 큐, visited, door, key 4가지를 고려해서 데이터를 넣거나 사용한다.
map의 경계를 벗어나지 않고, 한 번도 방문한 적이 없는 곳을 대상으로 3가지 케이스가 적용된다.
1) 해당 위치에 빈공간(.)이거나 문서($)가 있을 때
열쇠 없이도 자유롭게 방문할 수 있는 곳이다. 큐에 넣고, visited 처리해주면 된다.
2) 문을 발견했을 때 ('A' ~ 'Z')
해당 문은 열쇠가 있어야 방문할 수 있다. 먼저 key HashMap을 이용해 O(1)로 키가 있는지 확인한다.
이 때 문은 대문자이고, 키는 소문자이기 때문에 대문자+32 = 소문자라는 사실을 주의하자!
키가 있다면 갈 수 있는 길이기 때문에 큐에 넣고, visited 처리해주면 된다.
키가 없다면 갈 수 있는지 확실치 못한 길이기 때문에 해당 열쇠를 발견하기 전까지는 door ArrayList에 위치와 문 이름을 저장한다.
3) 열쇠를 발견했을 때 ('a' ~ 'z')
열쇠는 자유롭게 길을 갈 수 있으며, 조건 없이 얻을 수 있다. 때문에 해당 위치는 큐에 넣고, visited 처리해준다.
또한 키이기 때문에 key HashMap에 저장한다.
키를 얻음으로써 열 수 있는 문이 생겼을 것이다.
door ArrayList에 저장된 문을 확인해 visited해보지 않은 문을 큐에 넣고, visited 처리해준다.
[BFS 전체 코드]
public static void BFS(Loc start){
Queue<Loc> q = new LinkedList<>();
q.offer(start);
visited[start.r][start.c] = true;
while(!q.isEmpty()){
Loc cur = q.poll();
//System.out.println(cur.r+" "+cur.c+" "+map[cur.r][cur.c]);
if(map[cur.r][cur.c]=='$'){//문서 발견
count++;
}
for(int d=0;d<4;d++){
int nextR = cur.r+drc[d][0];
int nextC = cur.c+drc[d][1];
if(nextR<0 || nextR>=h || nextC<0 || nextC>=w) continue;
if(visited[nextR][nextC]) continue;
if(map[nextR][nextC]=='.' || map[nextR][nextC]=='$'){
q.offer(new Loc(nextR, nextC,map[nextR][nextC]));
visited[nextR][nextC]=true;
}
else if(map[nextR][nextC]>='A' && map[nextR][nextC]<='Z'){
if(key.get((char)(map[nextR][nextC]+32))!=null){//키가 있음 갈 수 있음
q.offer(new Loc(nextR, nextC,map[nextR][nextC]));
visited[nextR][nextC]=true;
}else{
// 돌다가 방이 나왔는데 키가 없다.
// '여기 갈 수 있었는데 못갔어' 느낌으로 door HashMap에 넣기 -> 키를 얻으면 이 HashMap 조사
door.add(new Loc(nextR,nextC,map[nextR][nextC]));
}
}
else if(map[nextR][nextC]>='a' && map[nextR][nextC]<='z'){
//열쇠가 나오면 열쇠hashMap에 저장
q.offer(new Loc(nextR, nextC,map[nextR][nextC]));
visited[nextR][nextC]=true;
key.put(map[nextR][nextC],1);
// 키에 대한 door 정보가 HashMap에 있으면 그 위치를 큐에 넣어주기
for(Loc info : door){
if(info.word == map[nextR][nextC]-32){ //map[nextR][nextC]-32 == key
if(visited[info.r][info.c]) continue;
q.offer(new Loc(info.r, info.c,map[info.r][info.c]));
visited[info.r][info.c] = true;
}
}
}
}
}//while
}
3. 전체 코드
import java.util.*;
import java.io.*;
class Main {
static int h;
static int w;
static int[][] drc = {{-1,0},{1,0},{0,-1},{0,1}};
static char[][] map;
static boolean[][] visited;
static HashMap<Character,Integer> key;
static List<Loc> door;
static int count;
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
int t = Integer.parseInt(br.readLine());
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
for(int T=1;T<=t;T++){
//System.out.println("start "+" "+T);
String hw = br.readLine();
StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer(hw, " ");
h = Integer.parseInt(st.nextToken());
w = Integer.parseInt(st.nextToken());
map = new char[h][w];
List<Loc> enter = new ArrayList<>();
key = new HashMap<>();
door = new ArrayList<>();
count=0;
for(int r=0;r<h;r++){
String line = br.readLine();
map[r] = line.toCharArray();
for(int c=0;c<w;c++){
//1. 외벽&열쇠&문서 입구 저장, 문이 나왔을 땐 door에 저장
if(((r==0 || r==h-1) || ((c==0 || c==w-1))) && map[r][c]=='.') enter.add(new Loc(r,c,map[r][c]));
else if(((r==0 || r==h-1) || ((c==0 || c==w-1))) && map[r][c]>='a' && map[r][c]<='z'){
enter.add(new Loc(r,c,map[r][c]));
key.put(map[r][c],1);
}
else if(((r==0 || r==h-1) || ((c==0 || c==w-1))) && map[r][c]=='$'){
enter.add(new Loc(r,c,map[r][c]));
}
else if(((r==0 || r==h-1) || ((c==0 || c==w-1))) && map[r][c]>='A' && map[r][c]<='Z'){
door.add(new Loc(r,c,map[r][c]));
}
}
}
//2. 상근이가 가진 키는 hashMap으로 저장
String keys = br.readLine();
if(!keys.equals("0")){
for(int k=0;k<keys.length();k++){
key.put(keys.charAt(k),1);
}
}
//door에 뭐가 있고, 그에 맞는 열쇠가 있다면 enter에 넣기
for(int i=0;i<door.size();i++){
Loc loc = door.get(i);
if(key.get((char)(loc.word+32))!=null) enter.add(new Loc(loc.r,loc.c,map[loc.r][loc.c]));
}
//3. 외벽에 자리가 없으면 0 출력 후 끝
if(enter.size()==0) sb.append("0").append("\n");
else{
//4. 입구 수만큼 BFS(visited 체크) 돌려주기
visited = new boolean[h][w];
for(int in=0;in<enter.size();in++){
Loc loc = enter.get(in);
if(visited[loc.r][loc.c]) continue;
//System.out.println("enter");
BFS(loc);
}//in
sb.append(count).append("\n");
}
}//test case
System.out.println(sb);
}
public static void BFS(Loc start){
Queue<Loc> q = new LinkedList<>();
q.offer(start);
visited[start.r][start.c] = true;
while(!q.isEmpty()){
Loc cur = q.poll();
//System.out.println(cur.r+" "+cur.c+" "+map[cur.r][cur.c]);
if(map[cur.r][cur.c]=='$'){//문서 발견
count++;
}
for(int d=0;d<4;d++){
int nextR = cur.r+drc[d][0];
int nextC = cur.c+drc[d][1];
if(nextR<0 || nextR>=h || nextC<0 || nextC>=w) continue;
if(visited[nextR][nextC]) continue;
if(map[nextR][nextC]=='.' || map[nextR][nextC]=='$'){
q.offer(new Loc(nextR, nextC,map[nextR][nextC]));
visited[nextR][nextC]=true;
}
else if(map[nextR][nextC]>='A' && map[nextR][nextC]<='Z'){
if(key.get((char)(map[nextR][nextC]+32))!=null){//키가 있음 갈 수 있음
q.offer(new Loc(nextR, nextC,map[nextR][nextC]));
visited[nextR][nextC]=true;
}else{
// 돌다가 방이 나왔는데 키가 없다.
// '여기 갈 수 있었는데 못갔어' 느낌으로 door HashMap에 넣기 -> 키를 얻으면 이 HashMap 조사
door.add(new Loc(nextR,nextC,map[nextR][nextC]));
}
}
else if(map[nextR][nextC]>='a' && map[nextR][nextC]<='z'){
//열쇠가 나오면 열쇠hashMap에 저장
q.offer(new Loc(nextR, nextC,map[nextR][nextC]));
visited[nextR][nextC]=true;
key.put(map[nextR][nextC],1);
// 키에 대한 door 정보가 HashMap에 있으면 그 위치를 큐에 넣어주기
for(Loc info : door){
if(info.word == map[nextR][nextC]-32){ //map[nextR][nextC]-32 == key
if(visited[info.r][info.c]) continue;
q.offer(new Loc(info.r, info.c,map[info.r][info.c]));
visited[info.r][info.c] = true;
}
}
}
}
}//while
}
public static class Loc{
int r;
int c;
char word;
public Loc(int r, int c, char word){
this.r=r;
this.c=c;
this.word=word;
}
}
}
[도움된 테스트케이스]
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a
// 정답
0
0
4
3
1
1
0
0
2
1
12
10000
0
0반응형